筛选数据 - WHERE¶
在上一章中，我们学习了如何从数据库中 SELECT 数据。
我们使用纯 SQL 和 SQLModel 完成了它。
但是我们总是得到所有的行，整个表
| id | name | secret_name | age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive Wilson | null |
| 2 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | null |
| 3 | Rusty-Man | Tommy Sharp | 48 |
在大多数情况下，我们只想获取一行，或仅一组行。
我们现在将了解如何执行此操作，筛选数据并仅获取条件为真的 where 行。
从之前的代码继续¶
我们将继续使用前几章中用于创建和选择数据的相同示例。
现在我们将更新 select_heroes() 以筛选数据。
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
如果您已经执行了之前的示例并拥有包含数据的数据库，请在运行每个示例之前删除数据库文件，这样您就不会有重复的数据，并且能够获得相同的结果。
使用 SQL 筛选数据¶
让我们首先检查如何使用 WHERE 关键字通过 SQL 筛选数据。
SELECT id, name, secret_name, age
FROM hero
WHERE name = "Deadpond"
第一部分与之前含义相同
嘿 SQL 数据库 👋，请去
SELECT一些数据给我。我将首先告诉您我想要的列
idnamesecret_nameage我希望你从名为
"hero"的表中获取它们FROM。
然后 WHERE 关键字添加以下内容
所以，SQL 数据库，我已经告诉您要
SELECT哪些列以及从哪里FROM选择它们。但是我不希望您给我带来所有行，我只想要WHEREname列的值为"Deadpond"的行。
然后数据库将带来像这样的表
| id | name | secret_name | age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive Wilson | null |
提示
即使结果只有一行，数据库始终返回一个表。
在这种情况下，是一个只有一行的表。
您可以在 DB Browser for SQLite 中尝试一下
WHERE 和 FROM 是 “子句”¶
这些附加的关键字和 WHERE 和 FROM 这样的部分在 SELECT（或其他）之后，有一个技术名称，它们被称为子句。
还有其他子句，带有它们自己的 SQL 关键字。
我在这里不会过多使用子句这个术语，但您最好了解它，因为它可能会在您以后学习的其他教程中出现。 🤓
SELECT 和 WHERE¶
这是一个帮助我思考的快速提示。
SELECT用于告诉 SQL 数据库要返回哪些列。WHERE用于告诉 SQL 数据库要返回哪些行。
表在两个维度上的大小主要取决于这两个关键字。
SELECT Land¶
如果表中的列太多或太少，则在 SELECT 部分更改。
从某个表开始
| id | name | secret_name | age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive Wilson | null |
| 2 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | null |
| 3 | Rusty-Man | Tommy Sharp | 48 |
...并更改列的数量
| name |
|---|
| Deadpond |
| Spider-Boy |
| Rusty-Man |
...都是 SELECT land。
WHERE Land¶
如果表中的行太多或太少，则在 WHERE 部分更改。
从某个表开始
| id | name | secret_name | age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Deadpond | Dive Wilson | null |
| 2 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | null |
| 3 | Rusty-Man | Tommy Sharp | 48 |
...并更改行的数量
| id | name | secret_name | age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Spider-Boy | Pedro Parqueador | null |
...都是 WHERE land。
回顾 SELECT 与 SQLModel¶
让我们回顾一下我们用来使用 SQLModel 读取数据的一些代码。
我们特别关心 select 语句
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
使用 WHERE 与 SQLModel 筛选行¶
现在，与我们向 SQL 语句添加 WHERE 以筛选行的方式相同，我们可以向 SQLModel select() 语句添加 .where() 以筛选行，这将筛选返回的对象
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
这是一个非常小的更改，但它包含了很多细节。让我们来探索一下它们。
select() 对象¶
由 select(Hero) 返回的对象是一种特殊类型的对象，具有一些方法。
其中一种方法是 .where()，用于（毫不奇怪地）向该 select 对象中的 SQL 语句添加 WHERE。
还有其他方法，我们将在稍后探讨。 💡
这些方法中的大多数在修改后再次返回相同的对象。
所以我们可以一个接一个地调用
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond").where(Hero.age == 48)
调用 .where()¶
现在，这个 .where() 方法很特殊且非常强大。它与 SQLModel（实际上是 SQLAlchemy）紧密集成，使您可以使用非常熟悉的 Python 语法和代码。
请注意，我们没有使用单个等号 (=) 调用它，而是像这样
# Not supported 🚨
select(Hero).where(name="Deadpond")
当然，这会更短，但它会更容易出错且受到限制。我稍后会向您展示原因。
相反，我们使用了两个 ==
select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
那么，那里发生了什么？
.where() 和表达式¶
在上面的示例中，我们使用了两个等号 (==)。这称为“相等运算符”。
提示
运算符只是一个符号，放在一个值旁边或两个值中间，以对它们执行某些操作。
== 被称为相等运算符，因为它检查两个事物是否相等。
在编写 Python 时，如果您编写使用此相等运算符 (==) 的内容，例如
some_name == "Deadpond"
...这被称为相等“比较”，它通常会产生一个值
True
...或
False
提示
<、>、==、>=、<= 和 != 都是用于比较的运算符。
但是 SQLAlchemy 为 模型类 中的列/字段添加了一些魔力，使这些 Python 比较具有超能力。
因此，如果您编写类似这样的内容
Hero.name == "Deadpond"
...这不会产生 True 或 False 的值。 🤯
相反，它会产生一种特殊类型的对象。如果您在交互式 Python 会话中尝试过，您会看到类似这样的内容
>>> Hero.name == "Deadpond"
<sqlalchemy.sql.elements.BinaryExpression object at 0x7f4aec0d6c90>
因此，该结果值是一个表达式对象。 💡
.where() 接受这些表达式对象中的一个（或多个）来更新 SQL 语句。
模型类属性、表达式和实例¶
现在，让我们停下来片刻，明确区分一个非常重要且容易忽略的点。
每个列/字段的模型类属性都是特殊的，可以用于表达式。
但这仅适用于模型类属性。 🚨
实例属性的行为类似于普通的 Python 值。 ✅
因此，在 Python 比较中使用类（Hero，大写 H）
Hero.name == "Deadpond"
...会产生一个可与 .where() 一起使用的表达式对象
<sqlalchemy.sql.elements.BinaryExpression object at 0x7f4aec0d6c90>
但是，如果您获取一个实例
some_hero = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
...并在比较中使用它
some_hero.name == "Deadpond"
...这会产生一个 Python 值
True
...或者如果它是具有不同名称的不同对象，则可能是
False
区别在于一个是使用模型类，另一个是使用实例。
类或实例¶
您很可能最终会得到一些变量 hero（小写 h），例如
hero = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
现在类是 Hero（大写 H），实例是 hero（小写 h）。
所以现在您有了 Hero.name 和 hero.name，它们看起来非常相似，但却是两个不同的事物
>>> Hero.name == "Deadpond"
<sqlalchemy.sql.elements.BinaryExpression object at 0x7f4aec0d6c90>
>>> hero.name == "Deadpond"
True
这只是需要注意的事情。 🤓
但是在了解类和实例之间的区别之后，它会感觉很自然，并且您可以做非常强大的事情。 🚀
例如，由于 hero.name 的工作方式类似于 str，而 Hero.name 的工作方式类似于用于比较的特殊对象，因此您可以编写类似这样的代码
select(Hero).where(Hero.name == hero.name)
这意味着
嘿 SQL 数据库 👋，请
SELECT所有列
FROM模型类Hero的表（表"hero"）
WHERE列"name"等于我在这里拥有的这个 hero 实例的名称：hero.name（在上面的示例中，值为"Deadpond"）。
.where() 和表达式，而不是关键字参数¶
现在，让我告诉您为什么我认为对于这种与 SQL 数据库交互的用例，最好使用这些表达式
# Expression ✨
select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
...而不是像这样的关键字参数
# Not supported, keyword argument 🚨
select(Hero).where(name="Deadpond")
当然，关键字参数会稍微短一些。
但是使用表达式，您的编辑器可以在自动完成和内联错误检查方面为您提供很多帮助。 ✨
让我给您一个例子。假设关键字参数在 SQLModel 中受支持，并且您想使用 Spider-Boy 的秘密身份进行筛选。
您可以编写
# Don't copy this 🚨
select(Hero).where(secret_identity="Pedro Parqueador")
编辑器会看到代码，并且由于它没有任何关于允许哪些关键字参数以及不允许哪些关键字参数的信息，因此它无法帮助您检测错误。
也许您的代码甚至可以运行并且看起来一切正常，然后几个月后您会想知道为什么您的应用程序永远找不到行，尽管您确信有一个 "Pedro Parqueador"。 😱
也许最终您会意识到我们编写的代码使用了 secret_identity，这不是表中的列。我们应该改为编写 secret_name。
现在，使用表达式，如果您尝试这样做，您的编辑器会立即显示错误
# Expression ✨
select(Hero).where(Hero.secret_identity == "Pedro Parqueador")
更好的是，它会为您自动完成正确的那个，以获得
select(Hero).where(Hero.secret_name == "Pedro Parqueador")
我认为仅凭这一点，拥有更好的编辑器支持、自动完成和内联错误，就足以使其值得拥有表达式而不是关键字参数。 ✨
提示
表达式还为其他类型的比较提供了更多功能，如下所示。 👇
执行语句¶
现在我们知道 .where() 的工作原理，让我们完成代码。
它实际上与之前章节中选择数据的代码相同
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
我们采用该语句，现在包括 WHERE，然后我们 exec() 它以获得结果。
在这种情况下，结果将只有一个
$ python app.py
// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉
// Now the important part, the SELECT with WHERE 💡
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00014s] ('Deadpond',)
// Here's the only printed hero
secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None id=1 name='Deadpond'
提示
results 对象是一个可迭代对象，可在 for 循环中使用。
即使我们只得到一行，我们也会迭代该 results 对象。就像它是一个包含一个元素的列表一样。
稍后我们将看到其他获取数据的方法。
其他比较¶
这是传递给 .where() 的这些特殊表达式的另一个巨大优势。
上面，我们一直在使用“相等”比较（使用 ==），仅检查两个事物是否具有相同的值。
但是我们可以使用其他标准的 Python 比较。 ✨
不等于¶
我们可以使用 != 获取列不等于某个值的行
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name != "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name != "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name != "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
这将输出
secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy'
secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man'
暂停以添加数据¶
让我们更新函数 create_heroes() 并添加更多行，以使下一个比较示例更清晰
# Code above omitted 👆
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age > 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age > 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
现在我们有几个不同年龄的英雄，接下来的比较会更明显。
大于¶
现在让我们使用 > 来获取列大于某个值的行
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age > 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age > 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age > 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
这将输出
age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'
age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
age=93 id=7 name='Captain North America' secret_name='Esteban Rogelios'
提示
请注意，它没有选择 Black Lion，因为年龄并非严格大于 35。
大于或等于¶
让我们再次执行此操作，但使用 >= 来获取列大于或等于某个值的行
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
由于我们正在使用 >=，因此年龄 35 将包含在输出中
age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'
age=35 id=5 name='Black Lion' secret_name='Trevor Challa'
age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
age=93 id=7 name='Captain North America' secret_name='Esteban Rogelios'
提示
这次我们也得到了 Black Lion，因为虽然年龄并非严格大于 35，但它等于 35。
小于¶
类似地，我们可以使用 < 来获取列小于某个值的行
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age < 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age < 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age < 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
我们得到了数据库中年龄较小的那个
age=32 id=4 name='Tarantula' secret_name='Natalia Roman-on'
提示
我们可以想象 Spider-Boy 甚至更年轻。但是由于我们不知道年龄，所以在数据库中它是 NULL（在 Python 中是 None），它与任何这些数字年龄比较都不匹配。
小于或等于¶
最后，我们可以使用 <= 来获取列小于或等于某个值的行
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age <= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age <= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age <= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
我们得到了年龄较小的那些，35 岁及以下
age=32 id=4 name='Tarantula' secret_name='Natalia Roman-on'
age=35 id=5 name='Black Lion' secret_name='Trevor Challa'
提示
我们在这里也得到了 Black Lion，因为虽然年龄并非严格小于 35，但它等于 35。
表达式的优点¶
现在是看到能够使用这些纯 Python 表达式而不是关键字参数可以提供很大帮助的好时机。 ✨
我们可以使用相同的标准 Python 比较运算符，如 <、<=、>、>=、== 等。
多个 .where()¶
由于 .where() 返回相同的特殊 select 对象，我们可以向其添加更多 .where() 调用
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35).where(Hero.age < 40)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35).where(Hero.age < 40)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35).where(Hero.age < 40)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
这将选择 WHERE age 大于或等于 35，AND 且 age 小于 40 的行。
等效的 SQL 将是
SELECT id, name, secret_name, age
FROM hero
WHERE age >= 35 AND age < 40
这使用 AND 将两个比较放在一起。
然后我们可以运行它以查看程序的输出
$ python app.py
// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉
// The SELECT statement with WHERE, also using AND
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.age >= ? AND hero.age < ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00014s] (35, 40)
// The two heroes printed
age=35 id=5 name='Black Lion' secret_name='Trevor Challa'
age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
带有多个表达式的 .where()¶
作为使用多个 .where() 的替代方法，我们还可以将多个表达式传递给单个 .where()
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35, Hero.age < 40)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35, Hero.age < 40)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.age >= 35, Hero.age < 40)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
这与上面相同，并将产生与两个英雄相同的输出
age=35 id=5 name='Black Lion' secret_name='Trevor Challa'
age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
使用 OR 的多个表达式的 .where()¶
这些最后的示例使用带有多个表达式的 where()。然后，这些表达式在最终 SQL 中使用 AND 组合，这意味着所有表达式都必须在一行中为真，才能将其包含在结果中。
但是我们也可以使用 OR 组合表达式。这意味着任何（但不一定是所有）表达式都应该在一行中为真，才能将其包含在其中。
要做到这一点，您可以导入 or_
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, or_, select
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, or_, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(or_(Hero.age <= 35, Hero.age > 90))
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, or_, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(or_(Hero.age <= 35, Hero.age > 90))
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
然后将两个表达式都传递给 or_() 并将其放入 .where() 中。
例如，这里我们选择最年轻或最年长的英雄
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(or_(Hero.age <= 35, Hero.age > 90))
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, or_, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(or_(Hero.age <= 35, Hero.age > 90))
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, or_, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(or_(Hero.age <= 35, Hero.age > 90))
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
当我们运行时，这将生成输出
$ python app.py
// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉
// The SELECT statement with WHERE, also using OR 🔍
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.age <= ? OR hero.age > ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00021s] (35, 90)
// The results include the youngest and oldest ✨
secret_name='Natalia Roman-on' age=32 id=4 name='Tarantula'
secret_name='Trevor Challa' age=35 id=5 name='Black Lion'
secret_name='Esteban Rogelios' age=93 id=7 name='Captain North America'
类型注解和错误¶
当您使用这些比较时，您的编辑器很有可能会给您一个错误，例如
Hero.age > 35
这将是一个错误，告诉您
Hero.age可能是None，您无法将None与>进行比较
这是因为当我们对字段使用纯粹且普通的 Python 注解时，age 确实被注解为 int | None (或 Optional[int])。
通过使用这种简单而标准的 Python 类型注解，我们在创建或使用实例时获得了额外的简洁性和内联错误检查的好处。 ✨
当我们在 .where() 中使用这些特殊的类属性时，在程序执行期间，特殊的类属性将知道比较仅适用于数据库中不是 NULL 的值，并且它将正常工作。
但是编辑器不知道它是一个特殊的类属性，因此它试图帮助我们防止错误（在这种情况下是误报）。
尽管如此，我们可以轻松修复。 🎉
我们可以告诉编辑器，这个类属性实际上是一个特殊的 SQLModel 列（而不是具有正常值的实例属性）。
为此，我们可以导入 col()（“column”的缩写）
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, col, create_engine, select
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, col, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(col(Hero.age) >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, col, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(col(Hero.age) >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
然后在 .where() 中使用类属性时，将其放在 col() 内部
# Code above omitted 👆
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(col(Hero.age) >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
# Code below omitted 👇
👀 完整文件预览
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, col, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(col(Hero.age) >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
🤓 其他版本和变体
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, col, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.add(hero_4)
session.add(hero_5)
session.add(hero_6)
session.add(hero_7)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(col(Hero.age) >= 35)
results = session.exec(statement)
for hero in results:
print(hero)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
所以，现在的比较不是
Hero.age > 35
...而是
col(Hero.age) > 35
有了这个，编辑器知道这段代码实际上没问题，因为这是一个特殊的 SQLModel 列。
提示
col() 稍后会派上用场，为我们可以使用这些特殊的列类属性执行的其他几项操作提供自动完成功能。
但我们稍后会讲到。
总结¶
您可以使用 .where() 和强大的表达式，使用 SQLModel 列（特殊的类属性）来筛选您想要的行。 🚀
到目前为止，数据库将查找每个记录（行）以找到与您想要的匹配的记录。如果您有成千上万或数百万条记录，这可能会非常慢。 😱
在下一节中，我将告诉您如何向数据库添加索引，这将使查询非常高效。 😎